The Russian World

For several centuries, the Orthodox Church in Kyiv and Moscow dated the Baptism of Rus' to 1 August 988, the feast of the Merciful Saviour and the Most Holy Theotokos, the day in which water was to be blessed in memory of the “Source of the Dnieper”. The idea of ​​linking the holiday to the memory of Vladimir arose in the context of the ecclesiastical and political intrigues of 2008.

In his book *People Behind the Fence*, journalist Maksim Trudoljubov explains the different types of Russian citizenship, based on moral service and private property. He also explores how a post-Putin and post-war transition might be organised on the basis of these principles.

Queuing is the fundamental form of social organisation and political control in Russia. It offers an image of communal existence, where the all-powerful state distributes benefits from the top, and the people, like supplicants, are organised in a single chain at the bottom.

Russian citizens have been worn down considerably by the war. Like the elderly, people who are still full of vigour have rushed to take refuge in comfortable information and social bubbles, aware that they have lost any prospect of a normal life

By trying to impose on society a false narrative of “preventive self-defence”, Putin is attempting to completely absolve himself of personal responsibility before history for triggering a new Cold War, which has effectively isolated the country from the developed world and set its development back by decades.

For years, drawing on its own interpretation of history, the Kremlin has promoted the view that the Polish and Ukrainian national myths are fundamentally incompatible, and that a clash between them was only a matter of time. After 2022, this theory seemed to have been laid to rest once and for all. Today, the leaders in Warsaw and Kyiv have brought it back into vogue with their own hands.

By targeting the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, Moscow has struck the sacred site it has used for centuries as evidence of its "special spiritual mission", which it refused to cede to the Ukrainians until its complete evacuation. Now it will be necessary to rebuild the place, like after the Tatar-Mongol invasion, and the Great Patriotic War against the Nazis.

The Russian academic world has been silenced. An unprecedented campaign mounted around a research project on Aristotle is even discrediting the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. And whereas in 2022 scientists were the professional group most vocal in condemning the ‘special military operation’ in Ukraine, today their community has all but vanished from the public eye.

The Kremlin is trying to fill the void left by the decline of ideologies with the cult of the Great Victory. While "Putinism" and fascism share some features, with echoes from Hitler, stressing their similarities tends to obscure their distinctive features. Putinism rejects socialist ideas and scorns the pursuit of equality, while making the messianism of the Russian Orthodox Church a fundamental part of its politics.

From Vladivostok to Vilnius, priests are being reduced to the lay state. In a book published in Paris, where he has been reinstated by the Ecumenical Patriarchate, Father Aleksej Uminskij recounts receiving confused letters every week from former colleagues across the country. Many Orthodox priests find it impossible to pray for the war, but fear denunciations and ecclesiastical judgement.

For many years, Moscow has been engaged in a two-pronged process regarding the definition of citizenship. The first involves reducing the number of people who can be considered true Russian citizens, while the second involves narrowing the very meaning of the concept of "citizen", the actions that define it and those that citizens are allowed to undertake.

There is a growing popular demand for ‘left-wing’ politics. Among the demands is a tax on the super-rich in response to social inequality. Young people are joining radical left-wing groups in search of the ‘truth’ and clashing with Nazis on the streets. In a climate of weariness, any demand holds great potential. The steady, though not yet catastrophic, decline of United Russia and Putin.