Mongolia

Russian commentators are trying to portray the commissioning of the 220 kW Zes-Oyu substation as a sort of ‘surrender’ by Ulaanbaatar to Beijing. In reality, it is a pragmatic step that reduces the risk of emergency shutdowns in industrial regions and gives the country some room for manoeuvre in its dealings with Moscow.

Last year in Ulaanbaatar, for the first time, revenue from copper concentrate exports exceeded that from coal exports. This turning point has been fuelled by the rush towards artificial intelligence and the rise in electric vehicle production. And the government is now searching for new deposits.

The UN-sponsored Conference of the Parties, attended by 196 countries, has got underway in Ulaanbaatar. Soil degradation and drought currently affect 40 per cent of the world’s land area and cost at least 300 billion dollars annually. Mongolia (and its pastoral sector) is one of the hardest-hit regions.

On World Desertification Day, the United Nations warns that Central Asia is facing its worst drought in 45 years. It's no coincidence that the next UN conference on the topic will be held in Mongolia in August. Land degradation on the continent translates into food insecurity and migration to cities and abroad.

Located in the Ulaanbaatar Cathedral compound, the centre is meant to foster the inculturation of foreign missionaries and volunteers engaged in pastoral and social activities, deepening their knowledge of the local language, history, and society. The inauguration coincided with Pastoral Week, which saw the small Catholic community reflect on the theme, “Grace and Mission”.

From art to design, fashion to cuisine: during Italian Week, cultural institutions and retailers of Italian products working in Mongolia offered the opportunity to familiarise oneself with Italian tradition and innovation in the city's museums and public spaces.

The Mongolian government – which has always balanced between China and Russia, its two large neighbours – has in recent months entered into “strategic partnership” agreements with each of the major Western economies. Under the presidency of Khurelsukh Ukhnaa, Mongolia is seeking to use international relations as a way out of economic and social stagnation.

Leo XIV received the president of Mongolia in audience. The Holy See and the Chinggis Khan National Museum in Ulaanbaatar plan to expand cooperation in archival research, joint studies, and conferences, the result of growing diplomatic ties boosted by Pope Francis's trip in 2023.

The Mongolian government is expanding international collaborations for projects aimed at protecting its delicate ecosystem and combating climate change. A series of initiatives have been launched with the German government, including a census of the country's forest areas and a laboratory for detecting heavy metals in the atmosphere. In August 2026, Mongolia will host the UN conference on combating desertification.

Mongolian President Khurelsukh Ukhnaa's visit to New Delhi marks a new impetus in the strategic partnership between India and Mongolia. Indian Prime Minister Modi announced a training programme for Mongolian border forces, free e-visas, and deeper cultural exchanges based on Buddhism. The two countries are united by a shared desire to reduce trade and energy dependence on China and Russia.

Gazprom's CEO announced a “legally binding agreement" with the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). The pipeline, which Russia has been pushing for years, could supply up to 50 billion cubic metres of gas per year to China over 30 years. For Russia, it would be vital to offset lost markets in Europe. Chinese media have been silent on the details that have blocked the agreement so far.

Meetings and projects for new cooperation initiatives between Mongolia's political leadership and Central Asian heads of state and government are multiplying. In a network of relations that not only has political and commercial significance but also represents a form of historical and commercial reunification.